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FRAMIRé (Terminalia ivorensis)
Trade Name
Framiré
Scientific Name
Terminalia ivorensis A.Chev.
Family
COMBRETACEAE
Common Names
Baji (Sierra Leone); Framiré (Côte d`Ivoire); Lidia (Cameroon); Yellow terminalia; Yellow pine; Ubiri; Tuhidya; Tuhidia; Tewogboye; Shingle wood; Satin-wood; Ronko; Owewe; Oweive; Ouhidji; Onidjo; Onhidgo; Okpoha; Nkondi; Nkombe; N`dagobrohia; Mboti; Lidia; Lauri; Kokango; Kekange; Ka ronko; Indigbo; Ijaws; Gbasi; Framine; Frameri; Fira-wase; Fela; Fataromile; Farayomile; Farayemile; F`araeneri; Epepe; Emri; Emine; Emil; Emen; Egoyne-nebi; Egoyne-lukan; Egoyne nebi; Egoyne lukan; Egoyn-odan; Egoyn odan; Eghoinmebbi; Eghoin-nebi; Efremeli; Ebi; Dzogbedodo; Cauri; Buna; Buma; Brimstone-wood; Bragba; Bouri; Boti; Bona; Blie; Black-barked terminalia; Black bark; Be-ie; Baye; Bassi; Basio; Banidi; Bajii; Bai-ti; Bai; Bahi; Bagyi; Awunshin; Amire; African yellow wood; African greenheart; Afia; Afara-dudu; Afara dudu; Afara duclu; Ada boumbra; Black Afara (Nigeria); Idigbo (United Kingdom); Lidia Lidia (Cameroon); Idigbo (Nigeria); Emeri (Ghana); Framire (Côte d`Ivoire); Baji (Liberia)
Description Of The Tree
Botanical Description
The tree reaches a height of 50 m. The bole is straight and clear to 23 m in length, buttressed and frequently fluted. The trunk diameter attains 100 to 170 cm.
Natural Habitat
Terminalia ivorensis is found scattered, it is abundant in primary, secondary and transitional forests.
Natural Distribution
West tropical Africa from Guinea to Cameroon.
Plantations Available?
It is a medium rotation species for plantation. The duration of the rotation is 30 years, to reach 40 to 45 cm diameter, or 40 years, to reach 45 to 50 cm in diameter.
Wood Identification
Anatomic Description Of Wood
Wood diffuse porous. Occasionally vessels exclusively solitary (over 90%). Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Tyloses thin walled. Vestured pits. Vessels per mm2 6 to 10 (medium). Simple perforation plates. Vessel-ray pits similar t Paratracheal axial parenchyma scanty and/or vasicentric. Non-crystals in axial parenchyma cells. 3 to 4 cells per parenchyma strand. 4 to 10 rays per mm (medium). Rays non-storied. Rays commonly 2 seriate. Homogeneous rays and/or sub-homogeneous rays (all ray cells procumbent). Body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-III). Non-septate fibers. Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits.
Availability
Cites Status
Unrestricted
General Wood Description
Color
The heartwood is yellowish white to pale yellowish-brown, often greenish, it is not clearly demarcated. The silver figure is fine (barely visible).
COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)
6
Grain
Straight or slightly interlocked, sometimes with an influence on further processing operations.
Texture
Medium texture is reported in this species.
Luster
Timber of this species is low in luster.
Natural Durability
Moderately durable to decay. Without preservative treatment, this species can be used only under risk of occasional re-humidification. It is not suited for uses with risks of permanent or long-lasting humidification. Sensible to termites attack. The heart
Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)
3
Internal Growth Stresses
Growth stresses are reported in this species.
Silica Content
Silica Content: This timber is reported to have a negligible silica content. Silica contents over 0.05% may affect wood processing. Silica Value: 0
Resistance To Impregnation
Nearly impossible to treat with a too much low penetration of the preservative substances.
Wood Physical Properties
Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)
0.46
Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)
0.50
Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
5.2
Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
3.6
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying: Drying is moderately easy; some particular care is needed.
Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule
FR-4
Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)
1.5
Wood Chemical Properties
Wood Mechanical Properties
Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)
728
Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
115674
Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
445
Compression perpendicular to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
53
Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
58
Janka hardness (side) 12%MC (kgf)
301
Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)
402
Workability
Sawing
It is easy to saw.
Rotary Veneer Cutting
Suitable for slicing, also suitable for peeling if treated.
Sliced Veneer
Suitable for slicing, also suitable for peeling if treated.
Blunting Effect
Slight blunting effect; ordinary tools can be used for sawing and machining.
Machining
Machining of this species is reportedly easy.
Planing
Easy; no particular problems.
Moulding
Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.
Turning
30
Boring
Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.
Mortising
Moderately easy; tools must be cautiously sharpened.
Nailing
No particular problem.
Gluing
Glues well if basic gluing technical rules are followed.
Sanding
Easy to perform; it gives good results.
Polishing
Can be polished without surface preparation.
Steam Bending
This species can be used for steam bending.
Response To Hand Tools
No particular problems.
REFERENCED USES
End Uses Summary
HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, boards, flooring, parquet, frames, steps, panelling, fittings, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, common furniture, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, faces, Decorative veneer, TURNING, ornaments, turned furniture, cutlery, lasts, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, moldings
General Housing
- 10 - Silica in Timbers
Beams
- 11 - Prospect: The wood database
Joists
- 12 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part I-Tropical American Species
Boards
- 13 - Dry kiln schedules for commercial woods. Temperate and tropical. Section III. Latin American (Mexico, Central, and South America) Woods–Conventional Temperatures
Flooring
- 14 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Parquet
- 15 - Empire Timbers
Frames
- 16 - Woods of the World
Steps
- 17 - Tree Conservation Database
Paneling
- 18 - W3TROPICOS Missouri Botanical Garden
Fittings
- 19 - Silica in Timbers
Furniture Cabinets
- 21 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part III-Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species.
Furniture, Common
- 23 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Panels, Veneers
- 25 - Directory of Timber Trade Malaysia
Faces
- 26 - Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 1998-ITTO
Decorative veneer
- 28 - Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forest of Fiji
Turning
- 30 - Embassy of Honduras in Japan
Ornaments
- 31 - Embassy of Colombia in Japan
Turned Articles
- 32 - Embassy of Cote d`Ivoire in Japan
Knife Handles
- 33 - Embassy of Gabon in Japan
Lasts
- 34 - Embassy of Indonesia in Japan
Handcraft
- 66 - Maderas latinoamericanas. VII. Caracteristicas anatomicas. propiedades fisicomecanicas, de secado, y tratabilidad de la madera juvenil de Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav. Oken.)
Molding
- 79 - Padronização da Nomenclatura Comercial Brasileira das Madeiras Tropicais Amazônicas, Sugestão
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