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GIAM (Cotylelobium melanoxylon)
Trade Name
Giam
Scientific Name
Cotylelobium melanoxylon (Hook.f.) Pierre ex Heim
Family
Dipterocarpaceae
Common Names
Resak hitam (Brunei Darussalam); Khiam khaao (Thailand); Khiam dam (Thailand); Khiam daeng (Thailand); Resak tempurong (Malaysia); Resak hitam (Malaysia); Resak (Malaysia); Resak daun lebar (Indonesia); Resak tembaga (Indonesia); Giam tembaga (Indonesia)
Description Of The Tree
Botanical Description
It is a medium-sized to large tree up to 50 m tall. The bole is frequently twisted and branchless for up to 30 m and up to 160 cm in diameter.
Natural Habitat
Some populations of Cotylelobium melanoxylon are known to occur in forest reserves. It prefers dry sandy soils, it is reported near the coast, up to 300 m of altitude.
Wood Identification
Anatomic Description Of Wood
Wood diffuse porous. Vessels exclusively solitary (over 90%). Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 100 micras or less (very small). Tyloses common. Simple perforation plates. Apotracheal axial parenchyma diffuse and/or diffuse in aggregates. Body ray cells procumbent with over 4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-I). Body ray cells procumbent with one row of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-III). Fibers with distinctly bordered pits.
Availability
Cites Status
Unrestricted
General Wood Description
Color
The heartwood is yellowish-brown to reddish-brown when fresh, darkening to dark brown on exposure. When the wood is fresh, the sapwood is clearly differentiated from the heartwood and is light yellowish-brown; when dry it is less sharply defined.
COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)
4
Grain
The grain is straight or only slightly interlocked.
Texture
This wood has a somewhat fine texture.
Natural Durability
It is reported to be very durable and it is resistant to termites and teredos.
Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)
1
Silica Content
Silica Content: It is reported to contain up to 0.4% silica. Silica Value: 0.4
Resistance To Impregnation
It is very difficult to treat, but for most applications preservative treatments are not required.
Wood Physical Properties
Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)
0.79
Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)
0.90
Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
10.8
Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
5.6
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying: Air seasoning is reported to be good but rather slow. Drying Defects: When the timber is dried very slowly, degrade is almost negligible.
Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule
JP-31
Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)
1.9
Wood Chemical Properties
Wood Mechanical Properties
Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)
1396
Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
183930
Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
715
Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
107
Janka hardness (side) 12%MC (kgf)
951
Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)
1039
Workability
Sawing
Although silica is present sawing is rather easy.
Machining
Machining operations are fair.
Planing
This species is easy to plane.
Turning
30
Boring
Boring of this species is reported to be easy.
Finishing
It gives a smooth finish.
REFERENCED USES
End Uses Summary
EXTERIOR GENERAL, bridges, poles, crossties, HOUSING GENERAL, boards, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, TURNING, cutlery, SPORTS, TOOLS, tool handles, agricultural tools, CONTAINERS, truck bodies, truck flooring, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION
Exterior General
- 1 - Tabela de resultados de ensaios fisicos e mecanicos
Bridges
- 2 - 25 madeiras da amazonia de valor comercial, caracterizacao, macroscopica, usos comuns e indices qualificativos
Poles
- 3 - Estudo dendrologico e determinacao das caracteristicas fisicas e mecanicas do genipapo (Genipa americana)
Crossties
- 8 - Maderas latinoamericas. III, Podocarpus standleyi ,Podocarpus oleifolius, Drims granadensis, Magnolia poasana y Didymopanax pittieri
General Housing
- 10 - Silica in Timbers
Boards
- 13 - Dry kiln schedules for commercial woods. Temperate and tropical. Section III. Latin American (Mexico, Central, and South America) Woods–Conventional Temperatures
Furniture Cabinets
- 21 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part III-Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species.
Panels, Veneers
- 25 - Directory of Timber Trade Malaysia
Turning
- 30 - Embassy of Honduras in Japan
Knife Handles
- 33 - Embassy of Gabon in Japan
Sports
- 38 - Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 1998-ITTO
Tools
- 42 - Utilización Industrial de Nuevas Especies Forestales en el Perú.
Tool Handles
- 43 - Maderas de Bolivia (Características y Usos de 55 Maderas Tropicales)
Agricultural Tools
- 44 - Atlas of Peruvian Woods
Truck Body
- 53 - Timbers of the New World
Truck Flooring
- 54 - Bulletin of the Government Forest Experiment Station N.157: Identification of Tropical Woods
Shipbuilding
- 55 - Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America
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