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TERMINALIA (Terminalia copelandii)
Trade Name
Terminalia
Scientific Name
Terminalia copelandii Elmer
Family
COMBRETACEAE
Common Names
Dalipo; Yanipo; Lahajang paho (Sumatra); Mertapang (Sumatra); Ketapang darat (Indonesia); Talisai (Sabah); Ketapang (Indonesia); Lanipau (Philippines)
Scientific Name Synonyms
Terminalia gigantea v. Slooten; Terminalia crasiramea Merr.; Terminalia cattapoides C.T. White & Francis
Description Of The Tree
Botanical Description
It is a fairly large tree up to 40 m tall, and 115 cm in diameter. The bole is straight and cylindrical, usually short, but sometimes up to 23 m long, with many large buttresses up to 2 m high.
Natural Habitat
Terminalia copelandii occurs mainly in lowland primary swamp forests and beach regions, but in Papua New Guinea it may be found form the coast to 400 m above sea level.
Natural Distribution
It is never common, but occurs over a wide range of areas in Sumatra, Kalimantan, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea down to the Solomon Islands.
Wood Identification
Anatomic Description Of Wood
Tangential diameter of vessel lumina 200 micras or more (large). Occasionally tyloses common. Vestured pits. Simple perforation plates. Vessel-ray pits similar to intervessel pits in size and shape. Intervessel pits medium, 7 to 10 micras. Axial parenchyma in marginal or in seemingly marginal bands. Axial parenchyma bands more than 3 cells wide. 4 to 10 rays per mm (medium). Rays of two distinct sizes. Ray height more than 1 mm. Body ray cells procumbent with mostly 2 to 4 rows of upright and/or square marginal cells (Kribs-II). Fibers with simple to minutely bordered pits.
Availability
Cites Status
Unrestricted
General Wood Description
Odor
It has no taste or odor.
Color
The sapwood is pale yellow, not clearly differentiated from light brown heartwood.
COLOR INDEX (1=Black, 7=Light yellow,white)
5
Grain
Straight or, rarely, wavy grain is found in this species.
Texture
The wood is mostly medium in texture.
Natural Durability
It is very durable for interior use in tropics, but perishable when exposed to weather.
Natural durability index (1= Very high durability, 7=Vey low durability)
6
Resistance To Impregnation
The heartwood is resistant to impregnation with preservatives, even under pressure, but the sapwood is permeable.
Wood Physical Properties
Basic Density or Specific Gravity (O.D. weight/vol. green) (g/cm³)
0.50
Air-dry Density (Weight and volume at 12%MC) (g/cm³)
0.55
Total shrinkage Tangential (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
3.5
Total shrinkage Radial (Saturated to 0%MC) (%)
1.9
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying: Drying is moderately difficult to difficult; special care is systematically needed. Drying Defects: Risks of checks and distortions. Kiln Schedules: Schedule proposed as a reference by comparison with well known species taking into account to the general technological behavior of this species.
Recommended Dry Kiln Schedule
JP-12
Dimensional stability ratio (Total Tangential Shrinkage %/Total Radial Shrinkage %)
1.8
Wood Chemical Properties
Wood Mechanical Properties
Bending Strength (MOR),12%MC (kgf/cm²)
917
Stiffness (MOE) 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
117695
Compression parallel to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
469
Compression perpendicular to fiber 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
61
Shear strength radial 12%MC (kgf/cm²)
102
Janka hardness (side) 12%MC (kgf)
372
Janka hardness (end grain) 12%MC (kgf)
527
Workability
Sawing
It saws easily, but interlocked grain stock may give a woolly finish.
Rotary Veneer Cutting
This species is reported to be interesting for lamination.
Sliced Veneer
This species is reported to be interesting for lamination.
Machining
It is easy to machine.
Turning
30
Nailing
Pre-boring is often necessary.
Gluing
Gluing behavior is reportedly good.
Sanding
It has a good sanding behavior.
Finishing
It has a good finishing.
Polishing
It is easy to polish.
Response To Hand Tools
The wood responds well to hand tools.
REFERENCED USES
End Uses Summary
HOUSING GENERAL, beams, joists, flooring, frames, FURNITURE AND CABINETS, PLYWOOD AND VENEER, TURNING, PACKING, NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, OTHER AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, handicrafts, paper
General Housing
- 10 - Silica in Timbers
Beams
- 11 - Prospect: The wood database
Joists
- 12 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part I-Tropical American Species
Flooring
- 14 - Handbook of Hardwoods
Frames
- 16 - Woods of the World
Furniture Cabinets
- 21 - Tropical timbers of the world. Part III-Southeast Asian and Oceanian Species.
Panels, Veneers
- 25 - Directory of Timber Trade Malaysia
Turning
- 30 - Embassy of Honduras in Japan
Packing
- 45 - Recopilación y Análisis de Estudios Tecnológicos de Maderas Peruanas
Shipbuilding
- 55 - Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America
Handcraft
- 66 - Maderas latinoamericanas. VII. Caracteristicas anatomicas. propiedades fisicomecanicas, de secado, y tratabilidad de la madera juvenil de Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav. Oken.)
Paper
- 82 - Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign woods (Part 2) Central and South America.
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